The Palmar Cutaneous Branch of Median Nerve - Its Clinical importance in Carpal Tunnel Release: A Cadaver study

INTRODUCTION: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common compressive neuropathy of the median nerve at the wrist. In patients with carpal tunnel syndrome, the median nerve under the flexor retinaculum is tightly packed with the long flexor tendons of the fingers with their surrounding synovial sheaths. The decompression of median nerve by sectioning the transverse carpal ligament (flexor retinaculum) is well accepted as the treatment of choice for patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. It is assumed that most of the postoperative complications are due to injuries to the distal branches of the median nerve. The palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve was one of the main branches of median nerve that can easily get injured during open carpal tunnel release. The precise zone of sensation in the palm is difficult to define, due to the extensive overlap of sensory supply from the main median nerve. The evolution of the technique of carpal tunnel release reflects growing awareness of the cutaneous innervations of the palm and its implication on postoperative scar tenderness. AIMS OF THE STUDY: 1. To study and trace the anatomic course of palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve. 2. To analyze the variations of palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve. 3. To assess the other sensory nerve contributions to the palm. 4. To analyze the post operative sequelae following accidental division of palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve in carpal tunnel release. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 24 hands of 12 cadavers were dissected. The incision was made from mid-forearm, extending vertically up to distal wrist crease. The incision turned towards the ulnar half of ring finger up to distal palmar crease. Then the incision turned towards the ulnar aspect of thumb. The incision was deepened. The palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve was traced from midforearm and traced along its course. The median nerve was identified between the tendon of flexor Carpi radialis and Palmaris longus (PL) and then was picked up. Each PCN was identified using blunt dissection, and was traced proximally to its intraneural origin from the median nerve. Each PCBMN was then carefully dissected distally, dividing the skin overlying its course and tracing individual branches radially, and towards the ulnar side until its termination in the undersurface of the skin. The variations and other sensory nerve contributions were noted. The findings were recorded, photographed and tabulated. CONCLUSIONS: Palmar Cutaneous branch of Median nerve is not a myth. • But it is not present as it is described in text books. • It is not a constant branch of Median nerve. • It could be absent unilaterally or bilaterally. • Our dissections show that PCBMN supplies mainly thenar eminence. • So, accidental division of Palmar Cutaneous Branch of Median Nerve may not cause sensory loss in the palm as there are additional contributions from branches from median nerve and common digital nerves

A Study on Components Used in Constructing the RADAR

Development of Industrial Sector in India is vital. Though a few industries in India like electrical and steel production has its place all around the world, India still has many industries that have to grow. One of the reasons, these industries do not grow is due to lack of safety measures of people working in there. In-order to take safety measures, we have introduced a Radar - a line follower, with alarm system, which is able to sense the gas leakage and the temperature of the vicinity. This can reduce the danger of hazardous gas inhale and burns due to high temperature exposure to human beings working near the plants

1′-Methyl-3′-(4-methyl­benzo­yl)-4′-[5-(2-thien­yl)-2-thien­yl]spiro­[acenaphthyl­ene-1,2′-pyrrolidin]-2(1H)-one

In the title compound, C32H25NO2S2, the mean plane through the five-membered pyrrolidine ring, which exhibits an envelope conformation, makes dihedral angles of 82.3 (1) and 83.9 (9)° with the benzene ring and the acenaphthyl­ene ring system, respectively. The dihedral angle between the thiophene rings is 19.0(3)°. The crystal structure shows C—H⋯π and π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.869 (2) Å]

3′-(4-Chloro­benzo­yl)-1′-methyl-4′-[5-(2-thien­yl)-2-thien­yl]spiro­[acenaphthyl­ene-1,2′-pyrrolidin]-2(1H)-one

In the title compound, C31H22ClNO2S2, the five-membered pyrrolidine ring, which exhibits an envelope conformation, makes a dihedral angle of 87.4 (2)° with the acenaphthyl­ene ring system. The crystal structure is stabilized by π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.869 (2) Å]. A C atom and the S atom of the thiophene ring are disordered over two positions with refined occupancies of 0.629 (7) and 0.372 (7)

SSN_NLP@SardiStance : Stance Detection from Italian Tweets using RNN and Transformers

Stance detection refers to the detection of one’s opinion about the target from their statements. The aim of sardistance task is to classify the Italian tweets into classes of favor, against or no feeling towards the target. The task has two sub-tasks : in Task A, the classification has to be done by considering only the textual meaning whereas in Task B the tweets must be classified by considering the contextual information along with the textual meaning. We have presented our solution to detect the stance utilizing only the textual meaning (Task A) using encoder-decoder model and transformers. Among these two approaches, simple transformers have performed better than the encoder-decoder model with an average F1-score of 0.4707

(1R*,3′S*,4′R*)-4′-(4-Chloro­phen­yl)-3′-[(4-hy­droxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro­quinolin-3-yl)carbon­yl]-1′-methyl­spiro­[ace­naphthyl­ene-1,2′-pyrrolidin]-2-one

The title compound, C32H23ClN2O4, has a quinoline, a chloro­phenyl and an acenaphthalene ring system attached to a central pyrrolidine ring, which has three stereogenic centers. Nevertheless, the compound crystallizes as a racemate with two mol­ecules of identical chirality in the asymmetric unit. They differ in the conformation of the five-membered pyrrolidine ring; in one molecule it has an envelope conformation, while in the other molecule it has a twisted conformation. In each molecule there is an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond making an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds produce inversion dimers with R 2 2(8) motifs. There are also C—H⋯O interactions present. The crystal structure contains voids (60 Å3) within which there is no evidence of solvent mol­ecules

Using Semantic Web technologies in the development of data warehouses: A systematic mapping

The exploration and use of Semantic Web technologies have attracted considerable attention from researchers examining data warehouse (DW) development. However, the impact of this research and the maturity level of its results are still unclear. The objective of this study is to examine recently published research articles that take into account the use of Semantic Web technologies in the DW arena with the intention of summarizing their results, classifying their contributions to the field according to publication type, evaluating the maturity level of the results, and identifying future research challenges. Three main conclusions were derived from this study: (a) there is a major technological gap that inhibits the wide adoption of Semantic Web technologies in the business domain;(b) there is limited evidence that the results of the analyzed studies are applicable and transferable to industrial use; and (c) interest in researching the relationship between DWs and Semantic Web has decreased because new paradigms, such as linked open data, have attracted the interest of researchers.This study was supported by the Universidad de La Frontera, Chile, PROY. DI15-0020. Universidad de la Frontera, Chile, Grant Numbers: DI15-0020 and DI17-0043

Population, genetic, and antigenic diversity of the apicomplexan Eimeria tenella and their relevance to vaccine development

The phylum Apicomplexa includes serious pathogens of humans and animals. Understanding the distribution and population structure of these protozoan parasites is of fundamental importance to explain disease epidemiology and develop sustainable controls. Predicting the likely efficacy and longevity of subunit vaccines in field populations relies on knowledge of relevant preexisting antigenic diversity, population structure, the likelihood of coinfection by genetically distinct strains, and the efficiency of cross-fertilization. All four of these factors have been investigated for Plasmodium species parasites, revealing both clonal and panmictic population structures with exceptional polymorphism associated with immunoprotective antigens such as apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1). For the coccidian Toxoplasma gondii only genomic diversity and population structure have been defined in depth so far; for the closely related Eimeria species, all four variables are currently unknown. Using Eimeria tenella, a major cause of the enteric disease coccidiosis, which exerts a profound effect on chicken productivity and welfare, we determined population structure, genotype distribution, and likelihood of cross-fertilization during coinfection and also investigated the extent of naturally occurring antigenic diversity for the E. tenella AMA1 homolog. Using genome-wide Sequenom SNP-based haplotyping, targeted sequencing, and single-cell genotyping, we show that in this coccidian the functionality of EtAMA1 appears to outweigh immune evasion. This result is in direct contrast to the situation in Plasmodium and most likely is underpinned by the biology of the direct and acute coccidian life cycle in the definitive host

Two Group A Streptococcal Peptide Pheromones Act through Opposing Rgg Regulators to Control Biofilm Development

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus, GAS) is an important human commensal that occasionally causes localized infections and less frequently causes severe invasive disease with high mortality rates. How GAS regulates expression of factors used to colonize the host and avoid immune responses remains poorly understood. Intercellular communication is an important means by which bacteria coordinate gene expression to defend against host assaults and competing bacteria, yet no conserved cell-to-cell signaling system has been elucidated in GAS. Encoded within the GAS genome are four rgg-like genes, two of which (rgg2 and rgg3) have no previously described function. We tested the hypothesis that rgg2 or rgg3 rely on extracellular peptides to control target-gene regulation. We found that Rgg2 and Rgg3 together tightly regulate two linked genes encoding new peptide pheromones. Rgg2 activates transcription of and is required for full induction of the pheromone genes, while Rgg3 plays an antagonistic role and represses pheromone expression. The active pheromone signals, termed SHP2 and SHP3, are short and hydrophobic (DI[I/L]IIVGG), and, though highly similar in sequence, their ability to disrupt Rgg3-DNA complexes were observed to be different, indicating that specificity and differential activation of promoters are characteristics of the Rgg2/3 regulatory circuit. SHP-pheromone signaling requires an intact oligopeptide permease (opp) and a metalloprotease (eep), supporting the model that pro-peptides are secreted, processed to the mature form, and subsequently imported to the cytoplasm to interact directly with the Rgg receptors. At least one consequence of pheromone stimulation of the Rgg2/3 pathway is increased biogenesis of biofilms, which counteracts negative regulation of biofilms by RopB (Rgg1). These data provide the first demonstration that Rgg-dependent quorum sensing functions in GAS and substantiate the role that Rggs play as peptide receptors across the Firmicute phylum